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Advanced age increases the risk of developing osteoporosis due to bone density loss over time.

Adequate calcium intake is a preventive measure since calcium is essential for bone health and strength.

Regular weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises are preventive measures that can help build and maintain bone density.

Smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis as it can interfere with calcium absorption and harm bone health.

Sufficient vitamin D levels are a preventive measure since it helps the body absorb calcium, which is crucial for bone health.

Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor due to its negative impact on bone formation and calcium balance.

Being female is a risk factor because women have a lower peak bone mass and experience menopause, which accelerates bone loss.

Having a low body weight or being underweight is a risk factor since there is less mechanical stress on the skeleton to stimulate bone growth.

Family history of osteoporosis can be a risk factor, indicating a genetic predisposition to lower bone density.

Long-term use of certain medications like glucocorticoids is a risk factor because they can inhibit bone formation and increase bone resorption.

Adequate intake of protein is a preventive measure as it supports bone health, but excessively high intake can be detrimental.

Abnormal hormone levels, particularly reduced estrogen in women and testosterone in men, can be a risk factor for osteoporosis.

Excessive caffeine intake can be a risk factor as it may interfere with calcium absorption and increase the rate of bone loss.

Regular and safe exposure to sunlight is a preventive measure as it helps the body produce vitamin D, which aids in calcium absorption.

Eating disorders like anorexia nervosa can be a risk factor since they lead to malnutrition and can significantly decrease bone density.

Overactive thyroid gland or excessive thyroid hormone medication can be a risk factor as it can lead to increased bone loss.

Having RA is a risk factor since chronic inflammation associated with it can lead to increased bone turnover and loss.

High sodium intake can be a risk factor since excessive salt can cause the body to lose calcium, thereby affecting bone density.

Implementing fall prevention strategies is a preventive measure since falls can lead to fractures, especially in those with osteoporosis.