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Orthopedic Examination Techniques
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Pivot Shift Test
Purpose: To assess for instability of the knee, particularly due to ACL injury. What it assesses: Anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee.
Yergason's Test
Purpose: To assess the stability of the biceps tendon in the bicipital groove. What it assesses: Transverse humeral ligament integrity and possible biceps tendonitis.
Ballottement Test (for knee joint effusion)
Purpose: To assess for fluid in the knee joint. What it assesses: Presence of knee joint effusion or swelling.
Neer's Impingement Test
Purpose: To assess for impingement of the rotator cuff tendons. What it assesses: Impingement of the supraspinatus tendon.
Empty Can Test
Purpose: To assess the integrity of the supraspinatus tendon. What it assesses: Supraspinatus muscle or tendon injury, including rotator cuff issues.
Lachman's Test
Purpose: To test for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. What it assesses: Integrity of the ACL in the knee.
Apprehension Test for Shoulder Dislocation
Purpose: To assess the likelihood of anterior shoulder dislocation. What it assesses: Patient's apprehension or feeling that the shoulder will dislocate.
Drop Arm Test
Purpose: To assess rotator cuff tear, particularly of the supraspinatus muscle. What it assesses: Ability of the patient to lower the arm slowly from an abducted position.
Speed's Test
Purpose: To assess bicipital tendonitis. What it assesses: Inflammation of the long head of the biceps tendon.
Tinel's Sign (For Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)
Purpose: To diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome. What it assesses: Median nerve irritation at the wrist.
Thomas Test
Purpose: To assess for hip flexion contracture and identify tight hip flexor muscles. What it assesses: Hip flexor tightness, particularly of the iliopsoas muscle.
Valgus Stress Test
Purpose: To assess medial knee stability and injury to the medial collateral ligament (MCL). What it assesses: Integrity of the MCL.
Ely's Test
Purpose: To assess rectus femoris contracture or tightness. What it assesses: Flexibility of the hip flexors, especially the rectus femoris.
Finkelstein's Test
Purpose: To diagnose de Quervain's tenosynovitis. What it assesses: Inflammation of the sheath containing the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons.
Hawkins-Kennedy Impingement Test
Purpose: To assess for shoulder impingement. What it assesses: Impingement involving the rotator cuff tendons, primarily supraspinatus.
Trendelenburg Test
Purpose: To assess the stability of the hip and the strength of the gluteus medius muscle. What it assesses: Hip abductor strength, and potential superior gluteal nerve or muscle damage.
McMurray's Test
Purpose: To assess for meniscal tears in the knee. What it assesses: Medial and lateral meniscus integrity.
Ober's Test
Purpose: To assess the tightness of the iliotibial band. What it assesses: Iliotibial band syndrome, and tensor fasciae latae tightness.
Apley's Compression Test
Purpose: To assess for meniscal damage within the knee joint. What it assesses: Meniscal integrity, eliciting pain or clicking when damaged.
Anterior Drawer Test (Ankle)
Purpose: To assess the integrity of the anterior talofibular ligament. What it assesses: Laxity and potential injury to the ankle ligaments.
Straight Leg Raise Test
Purpose: To assess for lumbar disc herniation. What it assesses: Sciatic nerve irritation or lumbar nerve root impingement.
Thompson Test
Purpose: To assess the integrity of the Achilles tendon. What it assesses: Complete or partial tear of the Achilles tendon.
Varus Stress Test
Purpose: To assess lateral knee stability and injury to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). What it assesses: Integrity of the LCL.
Patrick's Test (FABER)
Purpose: To assess hip joint, sacroiliac joint or surrounding muscles. What it assesses: Flexion, ABduction, and External Rotation (FABER) of the hip to reproduce pain.
Spurling's Test
Purpose: To assess for cervical nerve root compression. What it assesses: Foraminal stenosis or cervical disc herniation causing radiculopathy.
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