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Comprises of five larger vertebrae (L1-L5), designed to bear the body's weight and enable movement such as twisting and bending.

A condition in which the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc bulges out through a tear in the annulus fibrosus, often causing pain by pressing on nearby nerves.

Pain along the course of the sciatic nerve which runs from the lower back down through the leg; often caused by compression or irritation of this nerve.

A condition where the intervertebral discs lose hydration and elasticity, often leading to chronic pain, instability, and herniation.

Disorder caused by the compression, inflammation or injury to a spinal nerve root, which can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the area of the body that the nerve supplies.

A genetic disorder characterized by weakness and wasting (atrophy) in the voluntary muscles, caused by the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Nerves that originate from the spinal cord and branch out to the rest of the body; responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the body.

A form of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, leading to severe inflammation of the spinal joints and resulting in chronic pain and stiffness.

A surgical operation to remove a portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina, often done to relieve pressure caused by spinal stenosis.

A condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It can occur in both children and adults and might cause pain and reduced respiratory function.

Refers to degenerative changes in the spine such as bone spurs and degenerating intervertebral discs between the vertebrae.

Bones that make up the spinal column; they protect the spinal cord and provide structural support to the body.

A degenerative joint disease affecting various joints in the body including the spinal facet joints, causing pain, swelling, and reduced motion in the joints.

Part of the spinal column that consists of twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) which are attached to the ribs; provides stability and protection for the upper body and organs.

A triangular bone at the base of the spine that is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae (S1-S5), connecting the spine to the hip bones (iliac).

Known as the tailbone, it is a small triangular bone at the very base of the spinal column consisting of typically four fused vertebrae, vestigial in nature.

A congenital disorder where there is a malformation or incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord.

A spinal disorder causing an excessive outward curve of the spine, resulting in an abnormal rounding or 'humpback' appearance.

A condition in which one vertebra slips forward over the one below it, often due to a fracture or degeneration, leading to spinal nerve compression and pain.

A serious condition that occurs when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed, disrupting motor and sensory function to the lower extremities and bladder.

A surgical procedure to join two or more vertebrae into one single structure, aiming to reduce painful motion or to stabilize a weak or damaged spine.

Cushion-like pads between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and allow for flexibility of the spine.

The passage formed by the vertebral foramen in all of the vertebrae, which encloses and protects the spinal cord.

A surgical procedure to remove the damaged portion of a herniated disc in the spine, which relieves pressure on the spinal nerves and alleviates pain.

A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar region, responsible for transmitting neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

The upper part of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae (C1-C7) which support the head and permit a wide range of head movement.

Small joints located between and behind adjacent vertebrae that provide stability to the spine and allow motion.

A narrowing of the spinal canal, which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots; symptoms include pain, numbness, or weakness in the limbs.

An exaggerated inward curvature of the lower back, often causing discomfort or pain; also known as swayback.