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The unfair treatment of someone in their capacity as a knower, where their credibility is wrongly downgraded, resulting in their contributions being dismissed or undervalued.

The acceptance of claims because they are comforting or pleasing to believe, not because they are supported by evidence, thus leading to beliefs that are unfounded or false.

The unwillingness to consider new ideas, arguments, or evidence, therefore impeding critical discussion and the growth of understanding.

The tendency to align one’s beliefs and judgments with those of a group or authority, often at the expense of critical thinking and individual assessment of evidence.

A lack of intellectual effort which impedes the process of learning, leading to superficial understanding and the spreading of misinformation.

Avoidance of intellectual risk-taking, which limits the development of new insights and hinders the progress of knowledge by avoiding difficult or contentious topics.

Rigid adherence to certain beliefs despite evidence to the contrary, preventing the revision of one's viewpoint and blocking the pursuit of further knowledge.

Judgment based on preconceived notions or biases rather than evidence or reasoned argument, limiting fair assessment of arguments and evidence.

The dismissive attitude towards the testimony or intellectual contribution of others, which hinders the acquisition of knowledge by failing to consider different perspectives.