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Associated with rationalism because he argued for the primacy of reason in the acquisition of knowledge, famously stating 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am').

Associated with empiricism because he believed the mind at birth was a tabula rasa (blank slate) and knowledge was attained through experience.

Associated with a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism as he argued that knowledge arises from the interaction of innate ideas and sensory experiences.

Associated with empiricism because he emphasized the role of empirical evidence in the formation of ideas and was skeptical about the existence of innate knowledge.

Associated with rationalism due to his belief in pre-established harmony and innate concepts that exist prior to experience.

Associated with empiricism, notably for his subjective idealism that objects exist only as perceptions and not independent of the perceiving mind.

Associated with rationalism because he argued that everything that exists follows from the nature of God logically and necessarily.

Associated with rationalism; it refers to knowledge that is gained independently of sense experience.

Associated with empiricism; it refers to knowledge that can only be acquired after sensory experience has occurred.

Associated with empiricism, particularly for his materialist philosophy and the belief that all knowledge comes from sensory experience.

Though predating the formal distinction, he's often associated with rationalism for his theory of Forms, which posits that non-material abstract forms, and not the material world, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality.

A principle that emphasizes sensory experience as the foundation of all knowledge.

Associated with empiricism, being one of its early developers; he advocated for the scientific method which is based on empirical and measurable evidence.

A principle that argues reason is the chief source of knowledge and that certain knowledge can be gained independently of experience.