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Formulating a problem or question to be answered, based on observations; pivotal for directing the research and establishing a purpose.

An informed conjecture or proposition that attempts to explain observations and is testable by experimentation or further observation.

The process of organizing and interpreting data to discern patterns or relationships; crucial for drawing conclusions from the research.

The systematic gathering of information applicable to the research question or hypothesis; essential for formulating reliable and valid conclusions.

A systematic procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact; provides controlled conditions to eliminate variables.

The foundation of empirical knowledge; an unbiased and careful noting and recording of natural phenomena that leads to questions and hypotheses.

The repetition of experiments or studies to verify results and ensure reliability and accuracy of conclusions; it is a means to combat bias and error.

The evaluation of scientific work by others who are experts in the field; it serves as a quality control mechanism and ensures the validity of research.

The development of a coherent set of principles based on observed patterns and verified hypotheses; theories aim to explain and predict phenomena within a domain.