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The foundation of empirical knowledge; an unbiased and careful noting and recording of natural phenomena that leads to questions and hypotheses.

Formulating a problem or question to be answered, based on observations; pivotal for directing the research and establishing a purpose.

An informed conjecture or proposition that attempts to explain observations and is testable by experimentation or further observation.

A systematic procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact; provides controlled conditions to eliminate variables.

The systematic gathering of information applicable to the research question or hypothesis; essential for formulating reliable and valid conclusions.

The process of organizing and interpreting data to discern patterns or relationships; crucial for drawing conclusions from the research.

The synthesis of information and insights derived from data analysis to address the hypothesis; it establishes the extent to which the hypothesis is supported.

The repetition of experiments or studies to verify results and ensure reliability and accuracy of conclusions; it is a means to combat bias and error.

The evaluation of scientific work by others who are experts in the field; it serves as a quality control mechanism and ensures the validity of research.