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Gettier Problems

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Case of the fake barn facade.

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In this scenario, while driving through a landscape of fake barn facades, a person forms a belief that there's a barn outside based on seeing one that is real, but they do not know the others are fake. The belief is true and justified, yet accidentally so, leading to the conclusion that something more than justified true belief is required for knowledge.

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Case of the two fire trucks.

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Here, an individual justifiably believes there is a fire truck outside their house based on seeing a fire truck when, unknown to them, another fire truck is actually hidden nearby. The belief is true but it's based on seeing the wrong fire truck, indicating that justified true belief may not be enough for knowledge.

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Case of the disguised mule.

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In this case, the justification for believing a spotted animal in the field is a dog is undermined when the animal is actually a mule disguised as a dog. Despite the belief being true (there is a dog in the field), it is based on false evidence, suggesting that justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge.

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Case of the job and the ten coins.

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This Gettier scenario illustrates that having a justified true belief may still fail to be knowledge. The subject is justified in believing a person who gets the job has ten coins in their pocket, but only by coincidence does the subject also have ten coins, making their belief accidentally true but not knowledge.

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Case of the Jones-owned Ford.

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A scenario where someone forms a belief based on strong evidence that Jones owns a Ford, and they also correctly but coincidentally believe Brown is in Barcelona, leads to a compound belief that 'Either Jones owns a Ford, or Brown is in Barcelona', which is true. However, the justification isn't properly connected to the truth, thus questioning justified true belief as adequate for knowledge.

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Case of the misleading clock.

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This example demonstrates the failure of justification in the presence of true belief, as a broken clock displaying the correct time only coincidentally supports the traditional analysis of knowledge being a justified true belief.

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Case of the well-dressed impresario.

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An individual believes that a specific well-dressed person is wealthy. While they are actually looking at a cleverly disguised mannequin, there is indeed a wealthy impresario standing just out of sight. The belief about wealth is true but not backed by proper evidence, hence justifying the need for more than justified true belief for genuine knowledge.

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Case of the ethically sourced product.

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A consumer believes that their purchase is ethically sourced because they read the company's ethics statement. Unbeknownst to them, the statement is outdated and the company's practices have become unethical, but by chance, the specific product they bought was from an ethical batch. Their belief is true but not due to the stated justification, further complicating the relationship between true belief and knowledge.

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