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The branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge, its nature, sources, limitations, and validity.

A theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.

The doctrine that reason alone is a source of knowledge and is independent of experience.

A traditional model of knowledge suggesting that to know something means to have a belief that is both true and justified.

A philosophical problem that challenges the justified true belief model of knowledge by presenting situations in which a belief can be justified and true yet still fail to count as knowledge.

An epistemological view where all knowledge is built upon basic, self-evident truths or axioms, called 'foundations'.

The belief that new knowledge must be integrated into a web of existing beliefs that logically cohere with one another.

A position claiming that the truth of a statement is determined by how accurately it reflects and corresponds to the real world.

An epistemological perspective that knowledge is constructed by learners as they attempt to make sense of their experiences.

Debate concerning whether the justification for one's belief must be internally accessible to the believer (internalism) or whether it can exist outside the cognitive access of the believer (externalism).

The philosophical concept that proposes that a practical approach to problems and affairs should be used to judge the truth of meaning or worth of something.

An approach in epistemology that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge and often advocates for a position of doubt.

The philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the world.

Knowledge that is independent of experience, such as mathematical truths or logical inferences.