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The viewpoint that knowledge is not absolute, and truth may vary from person to person or culture to culture. Prominent advocates include Protagoras and Richard Rorty.

An American philosophy that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. Key figures include Charles Peirce, William James, and John Dewey.

Believes that knowledge is built on a foundation of certain basic truths. Prominent foundationalists include Descartes and Locke.

Holds that beliefs are justified if they cohere with a system of interconnected beliefs. Notable coherentists include Nicholas Rescher and Laurence BonJour.

Maintains that all the factors needed for an individual's knowledge and justification of beliefs are internally accessible. Notable internalists include Roderick Chisholm and Laurence BonJour.

Key characteristics include the belief that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience. Proponents include John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

Emphasizes the role of reason and knowledge that's independent of experience. Key figures are Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning through the interaction between their experiences and their ideas. Proponents include Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky.

Argues that factors external to one’s cognitive processes can contribute to one’s knowledge. Prominent externalists include Hilary Putnam and Alvin Goldman.