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Proposes that there's a significant probability that our reality is an artificial simulation, challenging assumptions about the authenticity of our world.

Critiques traditional epistemology for ignoring or undervaluing the epistemic contributions of women, challenging gender biases in the production of knowledge.

Provides examples where individuals have justified true belief (previously the standard definition of knowledge) without actually knowing, challenging the traditional analysis of knowledge.

Utilizes systematic doubt to question the validity of all beliefs, in order to establish an indubitable basis for knowledge.

Demonstrates the problem with justifying any belief due to the infinite regress, circular reasoning, or axiomatic assertions, questioning the foundation of knowledge.

Raises the issue of how to determine the right criterion for knowing without already having knowledge, questioning the process of justifying knowledge claims.

Highlights the discrepancy between theoretical divisibility of space and time and the experience of motion and change, challenging empirical observations.

Questions the reliability of sense experience and whether one's perceptions truly reflect the external world.

Advocates suspending judgment about all beliefs, which leads to questioning the certainty of knowledge.