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Theory of Forms, belief in innate knowledge, and the allegory of the cave.

Empiricist approach, theory of causation, and the tabula rasa concept.

Cartesian skepticism, cogito ergo sum, and the method of doubt.

Synthesized rationalism and empiricism, categories of understanding, and the theory of transcendental idealism.

Developed the theory of empiricism, introduced the idea of the mind as a blank slate at birth (tabula rasa), and distinguished between primary and secondary qualities.

Promoted radical skepticism, theory of impressions and ideas, and questioned causality and induction.

Philosophy of immaterialism, subjective idealism, and the rejection of material substance.

Conceived monadology, pre-established harmony, and the principle of sufficient reason.

Founder of phenomenology, analyses of intentionality, and eidetic reduction.

Work on the philosophy of language, picture theory of meaning, and linguistic turn in philosophy.

Proposed the concept of falsifiability as the criterion of demarcation for science, critical rationalism, and opposed to confirmationism.

Introduced the idea of paradigm shifts in 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions' and discussed the process of scientific change.

Advocated for logicism, the view that mathematics is reducible to logic, and was a prominent figure in analytic philosophy.

Contributions to existentialism, theory of subjective truth, and the leap of faith.

Developed the philosophy of pragmatism and radical empiricism.

Co-authored 'Principia Mathematica', developed process philosophy and the concept of 'prehension.'

Analyzed the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions.

Contributor to the philosophy of pragmatism and known for his theories on education and democracy.

Developed the theory of generative grammar, contributing significantly to the cognitive revolution in psychology.