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The problem of other minds is a philosophical issue regarding the ability to understand and attribute mental states to beings other than oneself, including non-human animals.

Anthropomorphism is the ascription of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities, which can bias interpretations of animal behavior and cognition in scientific research.

The recognition of complex emotions in animals challenges traditional views of human exceptionalism and influences ethical, legal, and scientific discourses surrounding the treatment and understanding of animals.

Umwelt is a term coined by the ethologist Jakob von Uexküll to describe the subjective perceptual world of an animal, which may help infer how animals perceive and interact with their environment cognitively.

The mirror test assesses an animal's ability to recognize itself in a mirror, which is considered an indicator of self-awareness, a component of consciousness.

Animal sentience refers to the capacity to have subjective experiences and feelings, often leading to discussions about the moral status and rights of animals.

The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness acknowledges the presence of consciousness in non-human animals, which bolsters the ethical and scientific consideration of animal minds in philosophy.

Theory of Mind refers to the capacity to attribute mental states to oneself and others, including beliefs and desires, which is tested in animals through various behavioral experiments.

Philosophical debate surrounds whether non-human animals can be moral agents, with some arguing that animals exhibit proto-moral behaviors, while others maintain that moral agency requires complex cognition and language.