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Phenomenology emphasizes the direct experience of phenomena but also points out the difficulty in capturing the essence of these experiences, revealing the complexity and potential inaccuracies in introspective self-knowledge.

The Johari Window model illustrates that there are aspects of the self which are unknown to the individual but visible to others, highlighting the limits of self-knowledge through introspection.

The subconscious mind guides much of our behavior without conscious awareness, putting into question the limits of introspection to access these underlying motives and influences.

While mindfulness meditation aims to increase self-knowledge through introspection, its effectiveness is debated and may vary among individuals, due to differing capacities for meta-cognitive awareness.

Training methods like meditation may enhance introspection, yet the extent to which they improve the accuracy of self-knowledge remains a topic of scholarly debate.

The Nisbett and Wilson experiments suggest that people's explanations for their behaviors may not always align with the actual causal factors, demonstrating introspection's unreliability.

The introspection illusion refers to people's belief that they have privileged access to their own motives and states, while evidence shows this access is often constructed and unreliable.