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Pain is often considered a type of phenomenal consciousness with a distinctive unpleasant affective experience. Philosophical discussion includes whether pain is subjective and its relationship to physical states.

Intentions are mental states that consist in committing to carrying out an action. They raise philosophical questions about how they relate to rationality, planning, and the intentional stance.

Desires are motivational mental states that drive behavior. They are about how we want the world to be, rather than how it actually is, and may conflict with beliefs.

Imagination is a complex mental state that can create or recreate experiences absent from the current sensory input. Discussions include its relation to knowledge, belief, and the imagination box experiment.

Hope is a forward-looking mental state that involves a desire for something combined with some degree of belief in its possibility. Philosophical inquiry often concentrates on hope's role in motivation, resilience, and its rationality.

Embodiment relates to how mental states are grounded in the physical experiences of the body. Philosophical scrutiny involves exploring the relationship between consciousness, the body, and how we engage with the world around us.

Pleasure is a positive mental state characterized by feelings of enjoyment or satisfaction. It is often debated whether pleasure is a distinct sensation or a type of belief or desire.

A belief is a mental state that represents the world as being a certain way. It is considered propositional, meaning it is about something and can be true or false.

Fear is an emotional mental state associated with the anticipation of harm. Philosophical analysis often focuses on its evolutionary role, its rationality, and how it relates to the concept of danger.