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Emergentism suggests that mental states emerge from more basic physical states of the brain and are not reducible to those brain states.

Identity Theory claims that mental states are identical to brain states and that for every mental state, there is a corresponding physical state of the brain.

Behaviorism reduces mental states to behavior and behavioral dispositions, denying the existence of an inner mental life beyond observable behaviors.

Functionalism equates mental states with functional states, meaning that mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of.

Physicalism (or materialism) argues that everything is physical and that mental states are physical states of the brain or functional states that arise from physical processes.

Idealism suggests that reality is mentally constructed or immaterial, with the mind being primary and the physical secondary or just a manifestation of the mind.

Panpsychism holds that mind or a mind-like aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality, suggesting that all matter has a mental aspect.

Neutral Monism posits that the mental and the physical are two aspects of a same, neutral substance, avoiding the dichotomy of substance dualism.

Epiphenomenalism posits that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain but have no effects upon any physical events.