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The existence of free will is often seen as a requisite for moral responsibility, affecting our understanding of mental agency as either fundamentally accountable or not.

Libertarianism holds that individuals have free will and their mental actions are not predetermined, allowing genuine autonomy in mental agency.

Illusionism is the perspective that our sense of having free will is an illusion and that understanding mental agency requires examining why we have this powerful illusion.

Agent-causal theories suggest that agents themselves, and not just prior events or states, can cause actions, thereby grounding mental agency in the existence of a substantive self not fully determined by external factors.

Neuroscience suggests that decisions are made in the brain before we are consciously aware of them, questioning the role of conscious mental agency in free will.

If determinism is true, every mental action is the consequence of prior events, raising questions about the freedom of mental agency.

Compatibilism argues that free will is compatible with determinism, suggesting that mental agency can be both determined and free if it aligns with one's desires.

Hard Determinism suggests that free will does not exist; therefore, mental agency is an illusion or a construct with no real causal efficacy.

Event-Causal Libertarianism claims that free actions can be caused by prior events without being determined by them, offering a way to understand mental agency as influenced yet not fixed.

Quantum indeterminacy posits that unpredictability at the quantum level could allow for some indeterminacy in mental actions, potentially opening a path for free will.

Incompatibilism states that free will and determinism are mutually exclusive, questioning the authentic existence of mental agency under deterministic conditions.