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Eliminative materialism is the idea that common-sense psychology is a theory of the mind that is likely false and that as our understanding of the neuroscience improves, folk psychological concepts like 'beliefs' and 'desires' will be eliminated in favor of neuroscientific explanations.

The extended mind thesis suggests that cognitive processes can extend beyond the brain to include the body and environmental tools. Neurophilosophy examines how this thesis aligns with our understanding of neural activity and what it means for the location of cognitive processes.

In neurophilosophy, free will is discussed in terms of how neural activity and brain function can give rise to the experience of making choices. It engages with the debate on whether determinism and neural predictability are compatible with the concept of free will.

Qualia are the subjective, qualitative properties of experiences. Neurophilosophy relates to this by questioning how brain processes result in these subjective experiences and whether they can be fully explained by physical processes.

Paul Churchland has contributed to neurophilosophy through his arguments for eliminative materialism and the importance of neuroscientific research in resolving philosophical issues about the mind. He emphasizes the need for a unified theory connecting neuroscience and psychology.

Neurophilosophy addresses the problem of consciousness by seeking to explain how subjective experiences and self-awareness arise from brain processes. It aims to bridge the explanatory gap between physical brain states and the phenomenal experience of consciousness.

Patricia Churchland is a key figure in neurophilosophy, known for her work on the interface between neuroscience and philosophy. She advocates for a neurobiological approach to understanding the mind, emphasizing the importance of the brain in producing mental states.

Theory of mind refers to the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. Neurophilosophy explores the neural basis of this ability and what it reveals about how we understand other minds and social cognition.

The binding problem asks how our brain combines disparate aspects of perception into a unified, coherent experience. Neurophilosophy investigates the possible neural mechanisms behind this integration and its implications for understanding consciousness.