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Used in ADHD and narcolepsy; increases dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain by blocking their reuptake.

Used for narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea; mechanism is unclear but may include dopamine reuptake inhibition.

Used for Alzheimer's Disease; inhibits acetylcholinesterase, which increases levels of acetylcholine in the brain.

Used for Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia; inhibits acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.

Used for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease; inhibits acetylcholinesterase and modulates nicotinic receptors.

Used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's Disease; acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist to reduce glutamate excitotoxicity.

Used in ADHD and narcolepsy; increases release of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.

Used for ADHD; acts as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

Used for ADHD; acts as an alpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonist.

Used for ADHD, often in conjunction with stimulant medications; acts as an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist.

Used off-label for cognitive enhancement; it modulates AMPA receptors, but the full mechanism is unclear.

Used off-label for cognitive enhancement; increases expression of NGF and BDNF in the hippocampus.

Used off-label for cognitive enhancement; modulates AMPA receptors and increases release of serotonin and dopamine.

Used off-label for cognitive enhancement; increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and has a stimulant-like effect.