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Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility
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Bystander Effect
The psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
Diffusion of Responsibility
A socio-psychological phenomenon wherein a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.
Pluralistic Ignorance
A psychological state where individuals in a group erroneously believe that their own thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors are different from those of the rest of the group.
The Smoke-Filled Room Study
An experiment by Latané and Darley where participants were less likely to report smoke entering the room when they were with others, demonstrating the bystander effect.
Emergency Model
A framework proposed by Latané and Darley outlining the steps a bystander goes through in deciding whether to help: noticing, interpreting, degree of responsibility felt, knowing appropriate form of assistance, and deciding to implement the help.
Helping Behavior
Actions performed by a person to assist someone else; they are influenced by the presence of others and many other social, cultural, and individual factors.
Cost-Reward Model
A model that predicts that bystanders will weigh the potential costs and rewards of helping a victim before deciding to intervene.
The Case of Kitty Genovese
This incident, where a young woman was murdered while numerous neighbors reportedly failed to help or call the police, led to the formal study of the bystander effect.
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