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Fundamental Attribution Error and Biases
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Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overestimate the effect of personality or disposition and underestimate the effect of the situation in explaining social behavior. For example, assuming someone is rude because they didn't smile back at you, without considering they might be having a bad day.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. An example is only reading news outlets that share your political views.
Self-Serving Bias
The common habit of a person taking credit for positive events or outcomes, but blaming outside factors for negative events. For instance, if you get a good grade, it's because you're smart, but if you get a bad grade, it's because the test was unfair.
Hindsight Bias
The inclination to see events that have already occurred as being more predictable than they actually were before the events took place. For example, after an election result, claiming you 'knew it all along'.
Actor-Observer Bias
The tendency of an individual to attribute their own actions to external factors while attributing other people's behaviors to internal factors. For instance, you tripped because the floor was wet, but someone else tripped because they're clumsy.
Availability Heuristic
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. For instance, thinking that plane crashes are more common after seeing a news report on one.
Anchoring Bias
A cognitive bias where an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information (the 'anchor') when making decisions. For example, the first price offered for a used car sets the standard for the rest of the negotiations, even if it is unjustifiably high.
Representativeness Heuristic
A cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario. For example, assuming someone is a librarian because they are shy and likes books, ignoring the fact that more librarians may not fit this stereotype.
Group Attribution Error
The tendency to believe that the characteristics or beliefs of one member of a group apply to the entire group. For example, thinking all employees at a company are untrustworthy because you had a bad experience with one.
Optimism Bias
The tendency to believe that we are less likely to experience a negative event compared to others. For instance, believing that you're less likely to get in a car accident than other drivers on the road.
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