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Immune Tolerance Mechanisms
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Central Tolerance
Occurs during lymphocyte development in thymus and bone marrow, eliminating self-reactive T and B cells to prevent autoimmunity. Examples: Negative selection of T cells in thymus, Clonal deletion of B cells in bone marrow.
Clonal Ignorance
Occurs when self-reactive lymphocytes are present but ignore self-antigens due to low antigen concentration or inaccessibility of antigen. Examples: Immune privilege in the brain and eyes, Poor lymphocyte accessibility to certain self-antigens.
Anergy
A state of unresponsiveness to antigen stimulation, effectively inactivating self-reactive T or B cells when costimulatory molecules are absent. Examples: T cell anergy when only the TCR is engaged without CD28, B cell anergy with engagement of BCR without helper T cell interaction.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs)
Specialized T cells that maintain tolerance to self-antigens and prevent autoimmune disease by controlling the immune response. Examples: Suppression of effector T cell function, Modulation of dendritic cell (DC) maturation and antigen presentation.
Peripheral Tolerance
Happens after lymphocytes have matured and left central organs, to prevent immune response to self outside the thymus and bone marrow. Examples: Regulatory T cells suppressing autoimmune responses, Anergy in self-reactive lymphocytes.
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