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Ligand: Unmethylated CpG DNA motifs from bacteria and viruses | Role: Identifies DNA from pathogens in endosomes, leads to MyD88-dependent cytokine production

Ligand: Triacyl lipopeptides | Role: Forms heterodimers with TLR2 to recognize microbial lipoproteins and initiate MyD88-dependent signaling pathway

Ligand: Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) | Role: Senses viral ssRNA within endosomes, activates MyD88 to induce antiviral responses like interferon production

Ligand: Peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria | Role: Recognizes a broad range of microbial components, signals via MyD88 to activate NF-kB

Ligand: Flagellin | Role: Recognizes bacterial flagellin, activates MyD88-dependent signaling to induce NF-kB and pro-inflammatory cytokines

Ligand: Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) from viruses | Role: Similar to TLR7, recognizes ssRNA from viruses, plays a role in antiviral immunity

Ligand: Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) | Role: Detects viral replication, signals through TRIF, leading to the production of type I interferons

Ligand: Unknown | Role: Believed to play a role in immune response, potentially through forming heterodimers with other TLRs

Ligand: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria | Role: Initiates MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways, leading to pro-inflammatory responses