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Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced molecules engineered to serve as substitute antibodies that can restore, enhance or mimic the immune system's attack on cancer cells. They are designed to bind to antigens that are generally more numerous on the surface of cancer cells than healthy cells.

Checkpoint inhibitors are drugs, often antibodies, that unleash an immune system attack on cancer cells by blocking proteins that stop the immune system from attacking the cells. They target molecules like PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, which are often used by cancer cells to evade an immune response.

Cancer vaccines either treat existing cancer or prevent development of a cancer. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are administered to patients with cancer and are designed to strengthen the body's natural defenses against cancer. Preventive cancer vaccines are given to healthy individuals to prevent certain cancers caused by viruses.

CAR T-cell therapy is a treatment in which a patient's T cells, a type of immune cell, are changed in the laboratory so they will bind to cancer cells and kill them. The T-cells are genetically engineered to produce chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on their surface.