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Bladder Cancer Staging
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Stage 0 (Ta, CIS)
Non-invasive papillary carcinoma (Ta) or carcinoma in situ (CIS). Treatments often include transurethral resection (TUR) and intravesical therapy like Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG).
Stage I (T1)
Cancer has invaded the connective tissue beneath the bladder lining but not the muscle layer. Treatment options include TUR, intravesical therapy, and possible radical cystectomy.
Stage II (T2)
Cancer has invaded the muscle layer. Treatment typically involves radical cystectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
Stage III (T3)
Cancer has spread through the muscle layer to fat surrounding the bladder. Treatments include radical cystectomy combined with chemotherapy, and radiation therapy may be part of the plan.
Stage IV (T4)
Cancer has spread to the pelvic or abdominal wall, or to distant organs. Treatment is often systemic chemotherapy, possibly with immunotherapy, and palliative treatments to relieve symptoms.
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