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Purpose: To examine the bladder and urethra for abnormalities. Steps: Insertion of a cystoscope through the urethra, visualization of the bladder, and possibly taking tissue samples.

Purpose: To visualize the urinary tract using X-ray imaging after injecting a contrast dye into a vein. Steps: Injection of contrast, taking a series of X-rays, and then examining the images for abnormalities.

Purpose: To break up kidney stones into smaller pieces that can be passed out of the body with urine. Steps: Focused shock waves are directed at the stones from outside the body to break them into passable fragments.

Purpose: To treat urinary problems due to an enlarged prostate. Steps: The removal of prostate tissue using a resectoscope inserted through the urethra.

Purpose: A surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception. Steps: Cutting and sealing the vas deferens, which carries sperm from the testicles to the urethra.

Purpose: To collect tissue samples from the prostate gland for the diagnosis of cancer. Steps: Insertion of a needle through the rectal wall or perineum into the prostate to obtain tissue samples.

Purpose: To remove the foreskin from the penis, which can be for cultural, religious, or medical reasons. Steps: Surgical removal of the foreskin either by the Gomco clamp, Plastibell device, or surgical excision.

Purpose: To treat a narrowed urethra that restricts urine flow. Steps: This can involve urethral dilation, urethroplasty, or the insertion of a stent or catheter.

Purpose: To inspect the ureters and kidneys and treat urinary tract stones. Steps: Insertion of a ureteroscope through the urethra into the bladder, then into the ureters, and the manipulation of stones or tissue.