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Normal values: None detected. Indications of abnormal results: Presence of ketones (ketonuria) can suggest diabetes mellitus, starvation, or a low-carbohydrate diet.

Normal values: 1.005 to 1.030. Indications of abnormal results: Values <1.005 may indicate dilute urine, possibly due to diabetes insipidus or excessive fluid intake; values >1.030 could suggest dehydration or an inappropriate ADH secretion.

Normal values: <150 mg/day or <10 mg/dL. Indications of abnormal results: Proteinuria can indicate renal disease (glomerulonephritis, preeclampsia), urinary tract infections, or excessive physical exertion.

Normal values: <1 mg/dL. Indications of abnormal results: Elevated urobilinogen can reflect liver disease, hemolysis, or certain infections. Very low levels can be seen in bile duct obstruction.

Normal values: 0-5 WBCs/HPF (White Blood Cells per High Power Field). Indications of abnormal results: Pyuria (presence of excess leukocytes) can indicate infection or inflammation within the urinary tract.

Normal values: 4.6 to 8.0. Indications of abnormal results: A low pH can indicate metabolic or respiratory acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis; a high pH might suggest urinary tract infections (UTIs) with urease-producing organisms, or renal tubular acidosis.

Normal values: Negative. Indications of abnormal results: Positive nitrite can indicate bacteriuria, typically from Enterobacteriaceae family, suggesting a UTI.

Normal values: None detected. Indications of abnormal results: Bilirubinuria can suggest liver disorders like hepatitis or cirrhosis, or bile duct obstruction.

Normal values: 0-3 RBCs/HPF. Indications of abnormal results: A high number of RBCs in urine, or hematuria, can indicate conditions such as kidney stones, infection, tumors, or glomerular disease.

Normal values: <0.5 mmol/L (negative). Indications of abnormal results: Presence of glucose (glycosuria) may indicate hyperglycemia, as seen in diabetes mellitus, or a renal threshold anomaly.

Normal values: 0-5 WBCs/HPF. Indications of abnormal results: Elevated counts could suggest a UTI, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract, or kidney diseases such as interstitial nephritis or pyelonephritis.