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Botox injected into the bladder muscle causes relaxation by preventing neurotransmitter release. This can cause incomplete emptying, urinary tract infections, and need for catheterization in some cases.

Behavioral therapies, such as bladder training and pelvic floor exercises, strengthen the urinary system without medication. No significant side effects, but requires patient commitment and time to be effective.

Antimuscarinics block acetylcholine receptors, reducing involuntary muscle contractions in the bladder. Side effects may include dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision.

Beta-3 agonists relax the bladder muscle during the storage phase, increasing bladder capacity. Potential side effects include hypertension, nasopharyngitis, and urinary tract infections.

Topical estrogen helps to maintain tissue health in the urethra and vaginal areas, potentially reducing OAB symptoms. Side effects may include breast tenderness, spotting, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

Nerve stimulation, like sacral nerve modulation, controls bladder overactivity by moderating the signals sent to the bladder. Side effects can include discomfort, lead migration, and infection.