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A cluster of cells in the distal convoluted tubule that detect sodium concentration and signal to the juxtaglomerular cells to regulate blood pressure and filtration rate.

A feedback mechanism involving the juxtaglomerular apparatus that regulates GFR by adjusting afferent arteriole resistance based on the sodium chloride concentration in the distal tubule.

The functional unit of the kidney, composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

Water channel proteins found in the kidney tubules that facilitate water reabsorption; their regulation plays a key role in controlling urine concentration.

A measure of GFR based on the clearance of creatinine from the blood; used as a practical means to estimate kidney function since creatinine is steadily produced and freely filtered.

A mechanism in the kidney that creates a concentration gradient in the medulla allowing for regulation of urine concentration by the loop of Henle; essential for the production of concentrated or dilute urine.

A specialized cell type in the glomerulus that forms part of the filtration barrier, with foot processes that wrap around capillaries preventing the passage of large molecules into the filtrate.

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance; when blood volume is low, kidneys release renin, triggering a cascade that leads to increased sodium retention, water uptake, and blood pressure.

The rate at which the kidneys filter blood, measured in milliliters per minute; a critical indicator of renal function used to assess kidney health and diagnose stages of kidney disease.