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Health and Medicine

Urology

Anatomy of the Urinary System

Andrology: Male Infertility Factors

Bladder Cancer Staging

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Management

Common Urologic Diseases

Common Urologic Procedures

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Medications

Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause

Kidney Stone Types

Interstitial Cystitis (IC)

Male Reproductive System Disorders

Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery

Neurogenic Bladder Management

Pediatric Urology Conditions

Overactive Bladder (OAB) Treatments

Principles of Dialysis

Prostate Disorders

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Antibiotics

Types of Incontinence

Urology Lab Tests and Procedures

Urinary Catheter Types

Urologic Surgical Instruments

Urinalysis Interpretation

Urolithiasis (Urinary Stones) Management

Renal Tumors and Cancers

Renal Physiology Key Concepts

Signs of Urologic Emergencies

Testicular Cancer Facts

Kidney Stone Types

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Calcium oxalate stones

Most common type, built from calcium oxalate. Risk factors include high oxalate intake, high vitamin C intake, and metabolic disorders.

Calcium phosphate stones

Consist of calcium and phosphate. Risk factors are similar to calcium oxalate and include renal tubular acidosis and urinary tract infections.

Struvite stones

Contain magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. Associated with urinary tract infections caused by bacteria that produce urease.

Uric acid stones

Made of uric acid, a byproduct of protein metabolism. Risk factors include a high purine diet, gout, and chronic dehydration.

Cystine stones

Rare stones made up of the amino acid cystine, arising from a genetic disorder called cystinuria.

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