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Occurs when urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidneys. Signs include urinary tract infections and kidney damage. Treatment may involve antibiotics or surgery to prevent reflux.

Also known as bedwetting. It is involuntary urination typically at night. Signs include wetting the bed after the age at which staying dry at night can be reasonably expected. Treatments can include behavior modification, moisture alarms, and medication.

A cystic dilation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder. Signs can include a urinary tract infection, calculi, or hydronephrosis. Treatment typically involves surgery.

A rare congenital defect where the bladder is exposed and protrudes through the abdominal wall. Signs include bladder and epispadias exposed outside the abdominal wall. Treatment involves multiple surgeries to repair the bladder and abdominal wall.

A condition where the labia minora stick together or to the labia majora. Signs include absence of the vaginal opening or urinary issues. Treatment usually involves application of a topical estrogen cream.

A condition where one or both of the testes fail to descend into the scrotum. Signs include an absent testis in the scrotum. Treatments can include hormone therapy or surgery to move the testis into proper position.

Occurs when the inner lining of the urethra protrudes out of the meatus. Signs include urethral swelling and possible bleeding. Treatment may include sitz baths, topical estrogen application or surgery in severe cases.

Abnormal folds of tissue in the urethra that obstruct urine flow. Signs include difficulty urinating, weak urine stream, and urinary tract infections. Treatment may involve endoscopic surgery to remove obstructions.

A birth defect where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis. Signs include an abnormal urethral opening and a curved penis. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the urethral placement.