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A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

The process of breaking down glucose into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvate; occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.

The metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to form ATP.

A series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.

A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.

Cellular respiration typically produces up to ~30-32 ATP per molecule of glucose, though this can vary depending on the efficiency of transport systems and the type of cell.

Electron carriers that transport high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain.

A type of metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP from another phosphorylated compound.

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient; in cellular respiration, it refers to protons moving back into the mitochondrial matrix.

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, with the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).

Serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for the generation of a large gradient for proton pumping, and preventing a backup of electrons.

A form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. It's used by some organisms and cells in the absence of oxygen and results in less energy (ATP) produced compared to aerobic respiration.

The conversion of pyruvate molecules into acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, releasing CO2 and NADH.

A metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen. The main products are organic acids, gases, or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and some types of bacteria, and also in the muscles when oxygen is limited.