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Digestive System Processes
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Salivary Amylase
Breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth.
Pepsin
Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in the stomach.
Lipase
Breaks down dietary fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
Mastication
Physical breakdown of food in the mouth to increase surface area.
Peristalsis
Muscle contractions that move food through the gastrointestinal tract.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Provides an acidic environment in the stomach for enzyme activation and antimicrobial activity.
Bile
Emulsifies fats to increase surface area for enzyme action in the small intestine.
Trypsin
Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in the small intestine.
Chymotrypsin
Further breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in the small intestine.
Pancreatic Amylase
Continues the breakdown of starch into maltose in the small intestine.
Sucrase
Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose in the small intestine.
Lactase
Breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose in the small intestine.
Peptidase
Breaks down small peptides into individual amino acids in the small intestine.
Absorption
Process by which nutrients pass from the digestive system into the bloodstream.
Gastrin
Hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid (HCl) from the stomach's parietal cells.
Secretin
Hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes.
Maltase
Breaks down maltose into two glucose molecules in the small intestine.
Segmentation
Mixing contractions in the small intestine that increase contact between intestinal contents and the absorptive surface.
Elastase
Breaks down elastin and other proteins in the small intestine.
Defecation
Elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus.
Haustration
The segmentation movements of the large intestine for mixing and absorbing water and salts.
Intrinsic Factor
Protein required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
Hormone that inhibits gastric motility and stomach acid secretion.
Brush Border Enzymes
Group of enzymes located on the microvilli of the small intestine that finalize digestion of proteins and carbohydrates.
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