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Joint Types and Movements

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Circumduction

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A circular movement of a limb that outlines a cone. Examples include the shoulder and hip joints when drawing circles with the limbs.

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Pronation

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A rotational movement of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly/downward. Example: 'Pouring out soup'.

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Reposition

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A movement where the thumb is moved back from opposition, to its anatomical position. Example: releasing a pinch.

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Hinge Joint

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A type of synovial joint that allows movement primarily in one axis (like a door hinge). Examples include the elbow and knee.

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Inversion

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A movement of the sole towards the median plane. Example: when the sole of the foot faces inward towards the other foot.

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Rotation

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A movement in which a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. Examples include turning the head or rotating the arm.

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Gliding Joint

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A type of synovial joint where flat surfaces glide past one another. Examples include the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

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Dorsiflexion

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Flexion at the ankle, lifting the front part of the foot. Example: standing on one's heels.

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Condyloid Joint

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A type of synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Examples include the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints.

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Ball and Socket Joint

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A type of synovial joint that allows movement in all directions. Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.

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Abduction

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A movement away from the midline of the body. Example: raising the arms or legs to the side.

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Flexion

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A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Example: bending the elbow or knee.

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Extension

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A movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Example: straightening the arm or leg.

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Plantarflexion

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Extension at the ankle, pointing the toes downward. Example: pushing on the gas pedal.

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Supination

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A rotational movement of the forearm where the palm is turned anteriorly/upward. Example: 'Turning a soup bowl up'.

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Adduction

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A movement toward the midline of the body. Example: lowering the arms to the sides or bringing the legs together.

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Pivot Joint

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A type of synovial joint that allows for rotational movement around a single axis. Examples include the atlantoaxial joint in the neck.

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Eversion

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A movement of the sole away from the median plane. Example: when the sole of the foot faces outward.

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Saddle Joint

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A type of synovial joint found where one bone saddles the other. Examples include the thumb (carpometacarpal joint).

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Opposition

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A movement where the thumb pad is brought to meet the pad of a finger. Example: performing a pinching motion.

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