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Joint Types and Movements
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Circumduction
A circular movement of a limb that outlines a cone. Examples include the shoulder and hip joints when drawing circles with the limbs.
Pronation
A rotational movement of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly/downward. Example: 'Pouring out soup'.
Reposition
A movement where the thumb is moved back from opposition, to its anatomical position. Example: releasing a pinch.
Hinge Joint
A type of synovial joint that allows movement primarily in one axis (like a door hinge). Examples include the elbow and knee.
Inversion
A movement of the sole towards the median plane. Example: when the sole of the foot faces inward towards the other foot.
Rotation
A movement in which a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. Examples include turning the head or rotating the arm.
Gliding Joint
A type of synovial joint where flat surfaces glide past one another. Examples include the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
Dorsiflexion
Flexion at the ankle, lifting the front part of the foot. Example: standing on one's heels.
Condyloid Joint
A type of synovial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Examples include the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints.
Ball and Socket Joint
A type of synovial joint that allows movement in all directions. Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.
Abduction
A movement away from the midline of the body. Example: raising the arms or legs to the side.
Flexion
A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Example: bending the elbow or knee.
Extension
A movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Example: straightening the arm or leg.
Plantarflexion
Extension at the ankle, pointing the toes downward. Example: pushing on the gas pedal.
Supination
A rotational movement of the forearm where the palm is turned anteriorly/upward. Example: 'Turning a soup bowl up'.
Adduction
A movement toward the midline of the body. Example: lowering the arms to the sides or bringing the legs together.
Pivot Joint
A type of synovial joint that allows for rotational movement around a single axis. Examples include the atlantoaxial joint in the neck.
Eversion
A movement of the sole away from the median plane. Example: when the sole of the foot faces outward.
Saddle Joint
A type of synovial joint found where one bone saddles the other. Examples include the thumb (carpometacarpal joint).
Opposition
A movement where the thumb pad is brought to meet the pad of a finger. Example: performing a pinching motion.
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