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Biochemical Techniques

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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A technique used to amplify a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

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Gel Electrophoresis

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A method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

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A plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones.

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Western Blot

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A laboratory method used to detect specific protein molecules from a mixture of proteins.

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Southern Blot

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A method used to transfer DNA fragments from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane for detection by hybridization with a labeled probe.

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Northern Blot

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A technique used to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample.

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Mass Spectrometry

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An analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.

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Chromatography

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A technique for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.

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X-ray Crystallography

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A technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

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A spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.

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Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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A type of electromagnetic spectroscopy which analyzes fluorescence from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light.

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Immunofluorescence

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A technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on microbiological samples, which uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to specific biomolecule targets within a cell.

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Flow Cytometry

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A laser-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus.

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Microarray Analysis

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A tool for analyzing gene expression that consists of a small membrane or glass slide with samples of many genes arranged in a regular pattern. It allows researchers to investigate and address issues that combine genetics and genomics.

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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

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An improved form of column chromatography which runs under high pressure to improve resolution and speed of separation.

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