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Biochemical Techniques
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A technique used to amplify a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
Gel Electrophoresis
A method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
A plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones.
Western Blot
A laboratory method used to detect specific protein molecules from a mixture of proteins.
Southern Blot
A method used to transfer DNA fragments from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane for detection by hybridization with a labeled probe.
Northern Blot
A technique used to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample.
Mass Spectrometry
An analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
Chromatography
A technique for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
X-ray Crystallography
A technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
A spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
A type of electromagnetic spectroscopy which analyzes fluorescence from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light.
Immunofluorescence
A technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on microbiological samples, which uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to specific biomolecule targets within a cell.
Flow Cytometry
A laser-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus.
Microarray Analysis
A tool for analyzing gene expression that consists of a small membrane or glass slide with samples of many genes arranged in a regular pattern. It allows researchers to investigate and address issues that combine genetics and genomics.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
An improved form of column chromatography which runs under high pressure to improve resolution and speed of separation.
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