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Cell Signaling Molecules
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Insulin
Regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues; part of the endocrine pathway
Estrogen
Involved in the regulation of the reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics; part of the steroid hormone pathway
Testosterone
Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and is important in maintaining muscle mass; steroid hormone pathway
Epinephrine
Also known as adrenaline, increases heart rate and blood flow, and is involved in the fight-or-flight response; part of the catecholamine family
Nitric Oxide
Acts as a vasodilator and is involved in immune response; part of the gaseous signaling molecules
Interleukin-2
Stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells; involved in the immune response
Leptin
Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger, thereby reducing fat storage in adipocytes; part of the endocrine pathway
Cortisol
Increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppresses the immune system, and aids in metabolism; part of the steroid hormone pathway
Growth Hormone
Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration; released by the anterior pituitary gland
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and then triiodothyronine (T3), which stimulate the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body
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