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Cell Signaling Molecules
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Leptin
Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger, thereby reducing fat storage in adipocytes; part of the endocrine pathway
Insulin
Regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues; part of the endocrine pathway
Growth Hormone
Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration; released by the anterior pituitary gland
Nitric Oxide
Acts as a vasodilator and is involved in immune response; part of the gaseous signaling molecules
Testosterone
Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and is important in maintaining muscle mass; steroid hormone pathway
Interleukin-2
Stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells; involved in the immune response
Estrogen
Involved in the regulation of the reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics; part of the steroid hormone pathway
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and then triiodothyronine (T3), which stimulate the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body
Epinephrine
Also known as adrenaline, increases heart rate and blood flow, and is involved in the fight-or-flight response; part of the catecholamine family
Cortisol
Increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppresses the immune system, and aids in metabolism; part of the steroid hormone pathway
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