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Cell Signaling Molecules

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Insulin

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Regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues; part of the endocrine pathway

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Estrogen

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Involved in the regulation of the reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics; part of the steroid hormone pathway

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Testosterone

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Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and is important in maintaining muscle mass; steroid hormone pathway

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Epinephrine

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Also known as adrenaline, increases heart rate and blood flow, and is involved in the fight-or-flight response; part of the catecholamine family

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Nitric Oxide

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Acts as a vasodilator and is involved in immune response; part of the gaseous signaling molecules

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Interleukin-2

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Stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells; involved in the immune response

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Leptin

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Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger, thereby reducing fat storage in adipocytes; part of the endocrine pathway

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Cortisol

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Increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppresses the immune system, and aids in metabolism; part of the steroid hormone pathway

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Growth Hormone

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Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration; released by the anterior pituitary gland

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Thyroid-stimulating Hormone

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Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and then triiodothyronine (T3), which stimulate the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body

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