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Protein Synthesis Steps
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Step 1: Transcription
During transcription, a DNA sequence is copied into mRNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Key molecules involved include DNA, RNA polymerase, and mRNA.
Step 3: Translation Initiation
Translation begins when the processed mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome, and the initiator tRNA binds to the start codon. Key molecules include mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.
Step 5: Termination
Protein synthesis ends when a stop codon is reached and a release factor prompts the ribosome to release the newly made protein. Key molecules involved are release factors and the ribosome.
Step 2: mRNA Processing
After transcription, mRNA undergoes processing which includes splicing away introns, adding a 5' cap, and a poly-A tail. Key molecules involved are snRNPs and exonucleases.
Step 4: Elongation
During elongation, tRNA molecules carrying amino acids add to the growing polypeptide chain in the order dictated by the mRNA codons. Key molecules involved are tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and the ribosome.
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