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Essential for water composition and involved in various biochemical reactions including acting as a proton donor in redox reactions.

Backbone of all organic molecules, allows for the formation of complex macromolecules necessary for life.

Major component of amino acids, nucleotides, and hence, proteins and DNA.

Involved in cellular respiration and is required for efficient energy production in aerobic organisms.

Critical for energy transfer in cells as part of ATP, constituents of nucleic acids and phospholipids.

Important for protein structure through the formation of disulfide bonds and is present in some vitamins and cofactors.

Key for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across cell membranes, important in nerve impulse transmission.

Essential for maintaining intracellular fluid volume, also important in nerve signal transmission and muscle contraction.

Critical for muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting; also a key component in bone and teeth structure.