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Signal Transduction Pathways
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G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Pathway
Key Components: G protein, GPCR, secondary messengers. Outcome: Alteration of cellular responses via enzymes or ion channel control.
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
Key Components: Wnt, Frizzled, LRP5/6, Dishevelled, β-Catenin. Outcome: Gene transcription regulation, important in cell fate determination.
Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) Pathway
Key Components: TGF-β, Type I and Type II serine/threonine kinase receptors, Smad proteins. Outcome: Cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) Pathway
Key Components: Cytokine receptors, JAKs, STATs. Outcome: Gene expression modulation often involved in immune response.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) Pathway
Key Components: PI3K, PIP3, Akt, mTOR. Outcome: Cell survival, growth, and proliferation.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway
Key Components: MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3K), MAPK kinases (MAP2K, MEK), MAPKs (ERK, JNK, p38). Outcome: Affect gene expression, cell division, cell differentiation, cell survival, and apoptosis.
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Key Components: Hedgehog proteins, Patched, Smoothened, GLI transcription factors. Outcome: Tissue patterning and development, particularly in embryogenesis.
Nuclear Receptor Signaling Pathway
Key Components: Lipid-soluble ligands, intracellular receptors, DNA response elements. Outcome: Regulation of gene expression, controls metabolism, inflammation, and development.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Pathway
Key Components: RTKs, Grb2, SOS, Ras, MAPK cascade. Outcome: Cell growth, division, and differentiation.
Notch Signaling Pathway
Key Components: Notch receptors, Delta/Jagged ligands, CSL transcriptional complex. Outcome: Developmental process regulation, affects cell fate decisions.
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