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Immunoglobulin Classes
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IgM
Structure: Pentamer. Function: Involved in primary immune response, acts as an antigen receptor on B cells, and activates complement.
IgD
Structure: Monomer. Function: Functions primarily as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens, involved in the activation of B cells.
IgE
Structure: Monomer. Function: Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and protects against parasitic worms.
IgG
Structure: Monomer with two heavy and two light chains. Function: Provides long-term immunity, opsonization, neutralizing toxins, and crossing the placenta.
IgA
Structure: Mainly a dimer. Function: Protects mucous membranes by preventing pathogen adherence, found in secretions such as tears, saliva, and colostrum.
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