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pH and Buffers
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Bicarbonate Buffer System
Components: Carbonic Acid (H2CO3), Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) and pH Range: 6.1 - 7.4
Phosphate Buffer System
Components: Dihydrogen Phosphate (H2PO4-), Hydrogen Phosphate (HPO4^2-) and pH Range: 6.8 - 7.4
Acetic Acid-Acetate Buffer
Components: Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) and Acetate Ions (CH3COO-) and pH Range: 3.76 - 5.76
Histidine Buffer System
Components: Histidine and its protonated form and pH Range: 5.5 - 7.4
Ammonia Buffer System
Components: Ammonium Ion (NH4+) and Ammonia (NH3) and pH Range: Around 9.25
Hemoglobin Buffer System
Components: Hemoglobin and its various forms dependent on oxygen and pH levels and pH Range: 7.35 - 7.45
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Pair
Components: Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) and Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) and pH Range: 6.1 - 7.4
Protein Buffer System
Components: Intracellular and extracellular proteins and pH Range: Intracellular proteins may be effective from pH 6.0, while plasma proteins operate around pH 7.4
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