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A cellular process in which the cell membrane engulfs extracellular material to form a vesicle which then gets internalized into the cell. Examples include phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. Examples include the movement of water into the root cells of a plant.

A process where substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carriers or channels, without energy expenditure. Examples include glucose transport into the cell via GLUT transporters.

The process by which a cell directs vesicles to fuse with its plasma membrane and release their contents to the external environment. Examples include the secretion of neurotransmitters by neurons.

Movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy input from ATP and transport proteins to go against the concentration gradient. Examples include the sodium-potassium pump.

Process by which molecules pass directly through the plasma membrane without the assistance of any intermediary such as a protein channel. Examples include the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases across cell membranes.