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A vehicle used to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell. Significance: Vectors are critical for transferring genes in recombinant DNA technology.

A vector designed specifically for gene expression in the target cell. Significance: Allows scientists to study gene function and produce proteins for medicine (e.g., insulin).

A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. Significance: Plasmids are often used as vectors for inserting new genes into bacterial cells.

A form of synthetic DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together. Significance: This technology has led to advancements in genetics, medicine, and agriculture.

A molecular biology method used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene or any gene products. Significance: It's crucial for studying gene function and protein structure.

The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Significance: It allows researchers to understand genetic sequences and their functions.

Proteins that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. Significance: They are essential tools for DNA modification and recombinant DNA construction.

A gene introduced into a cell that confers a trait for selection. Significance: It is important for identifying and isolating cells that have been successfully transformed.

The process of making multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. Significance: A fundamental technique in molecular biology that enables the study and manipulation of DNA segments.

An enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds. Significance: It is vital for DNA repair and recombinant DNA formation.

The artificial creation of genes in the laboratory. Significance: Enables the generation of precise genetic sequences for study or incorporation into organisms.