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A form of synthetic DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together. Significance: This technology has led to advancements in genetics, medicine, and agriculture.

A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. Significance: Plasmids are often used as vectors for inserting new genes into bacterial cells.

Proteins that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. Significance: They are essential tools for DNA modification and recombinant DNA construction.

An enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds. Significance: It is vital for DNA repair and recombinant DNA formation.

A vehicle used to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell. Significance: Vectors are critical for transferring genes in recombinant DNA technology.

The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation, and expression of exogenous genetic material. Significance: It is used in recombinant DNA for modifying bacteria.

A vector designed specifically for gene expression in the target cell. Significance: Allows scientists to study gene function and produce proteins for medicine (e.g., insulin).

The process of making multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. Significance: A fundamental technique in molecular biology that enables the study and manipulation of DNA segments.

A gene introduced into a cell that confers a trait for selection. Significance: It is important for identifying and isolating cells that have been successfully transformed.

The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Significance: It allows researchers to understand genetic sequences and their functions.

The artificial creation of genes in the laboratory. Significance: Enables the generation of precise genetic sequences for study or incorporation into organisms.