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Gynecologic Oncology Basics

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Endometrial or Uterine Cancer

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Key facts: Most common gynecologic cancer in the United States. Symptoms: Vaginal bleeding after menopause, pelvic pain. Risk factors: Obesity, hormone therapy for breast cancer, Lynch syndrome. Treatment approaches: Surgery, radiation, hormone therapy.

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Vaginal Cancer

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Key facts: Rare type of cancer. Symptoms: Abnormal vaginal bleeding, painful urination, pain during intercourse. Risk factors: HPV infection, vaginal adenosis, age over 60. Treatment approaches: Surgery, radiation therapy, and sometimes chemotherapy.

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Vulvar Cancer

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Key facts: Represents a small percentage of female cancers. Symptoms: Itching, burning, bleeding or pain in the vulva, changes in vulva color or skin, such as sores or lumps. Risk factors: Aging, HPV infection, chronic vulvar irritation. Treatment approaches: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.

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Choriocarcinoma

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Key facts: Rare type of cancer that occurs in a woman's uterus. Symptoms: Irregular vaginal bleeding, symptoms of pregnancy, enlarged uterus. Risk factors: Previous molar pregnancy, being younger than 20 or older than 40 during pregnancy. Treatment approaches: Chemotherapy, surgery if chemotherapy is not effective.

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Ovarian Cancer

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Key facts: Fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Symptoms: Bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, difficulty eating. Risk factors: Family history of ovarian or breast cancer, BRCA1/2 gene mutations. Treatment approaches: Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy.

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Fallopian Tube Cancer

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Key facts: Very rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Symptoms: Vague, can mimic ovarian cancer such as bloating, pelvic pain. Risk factors: BRCA1/2 mutations, family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Treatment approaches: Similar to ovarian cancer with surgery and chemotherapy.

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Cervical Cancer

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Key facts: Highly preventable with vaccination and regular screening. Symptoms: Abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse. Risk factors: HPV infection, multiple sexual partners, smoking. Treatment approaches: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.

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Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

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Key facts: Not always cancerous, includes diseases like molar pregnancy. Symptoms: Frequent vaginal bleeding, high levels of HCG, enlarged uterus. Risk factors: Prior molar pregnancy, Asian descent, over age 35. Treatment approaches: Surgery to remove abnormal tissue, chemotherapy if cancerous.

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Leiomyosarcoma

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Key facts: Rare type of uterine cancer that starts in the muscular wall of the uterus. Symptoms: Often none, but can include pelvic pain or pressure, abnormal uterine bleeding. Risk factors: Radiation therapy to the pelvis, use of tamoxifen for breast cancer. Treatment approaches: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.

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Primary Peritoneal Cancer

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Key facts: Closely related to epithelial ovarian cancer. Symptoms: Abdominal bloating or swelling, fatigue, changes in bowel habits. Risk factors: Similar to ovarian cancer such as aging, BRCA1/2 mutations. Treatment approaches: Surgery, chemotherapy, often treated like ovarian cancer.

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