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Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation; its presence is detected in pregnancy tests and it supports the corpus luteum, critical for establishing and maintaining pregnancy.

Obstetric ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique used during pregnancy to monitor the fetus's development, screen for abnormalities, and assist in determining gestational age and the positioning of the fetus.

Gestational diabetes is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels that develop during pregnancy; it can increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby if not appropriately managed.

Rupture of membranes is when the amniotic sac breaks, releasing amniotic fluid; known colloquially as 'water breaking,' it can indicate the onset of labor.

The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; it plays a vital role in hormone production for maintaining pregnancy.

Quickening refers to the initial movements felt by the pregnant woman from the fetus, typically between 16 to 20 weeks of gestation; it's an important indicator of fetal well-being.

Gestation refers to the period of time between conception and birth during which a fetus develops in the uterus, a critical phase for prenatal care and monitoring fetal growth.

Meconium aspiration syndrome occurs when a newborn breathes a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid into the lungs around the time of delivery; it can cause severe breathing difficulties.

A Cesarean section is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions in the mother's abdomen and uterus; it is performed when vaginal delivery is not safe for the mother or baby.

An epidural is a form of anesthesia used to reduce pain during childbirth; it is administered by injection into the epidural space outside the spinal cord and can greatly ease labor pain.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organ systems; if left untreated, it can lead to serious or even fatal complications for both the mother and the baby.

Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency during childbirth where the infant's shoulder gets lodged behind the mother's pelvic bone; it requires immediate medical intervention to avoid injury to the mother and baby.

Braxton Hicks contractions are intermittent uterine contractions that occur during pregnancy; while often mistaken for labor, they are usually painless and do not signify the onset of childbirth.

Lochia is the vaginal discharge following childbirth containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue; it indicates the process of the uterus returning to its pre-pregnancy state.

A tocodynamometer is a device used in obstetrics to monitor the strength and frequency of uterine contractions; it helps to assess labor progress and detect potential abnormal labor patterns.

Fetal distress refers to the signs indicating that the fetus is not well or is experiencing insufficient oxygen during pregnancy or labor; it may require interventions like emergency C-section.

Intrauterine growth restriction refers to the poor growth of a fetus while in the mother's womb during pregnancy; it can lead to health problems for the baby, like low birth weight and developmental delays.

Dilation refers to the opening of the cervix, whereas effacement is the thinning of the cervix in preparation for childbirth; both are critical in the birthing process to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Amniotic fluid is the protective liquid contained within the amniotic sac around the fetus; it helps to cushion the fetus from external pressure and trauma, maintain a stable temperature, and allows for fetal movement.