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The thinning and shortening of the cervix during the first stage of labor.

The opening of the cervix, measured in centimeters, during labor to allow the passage of the baby.

When the fetal head descends into the maternal pelvis and is at the level of the ischial spines.

A measure of the descent of the fetal head into the birth canal, relative to the ischial spines.

Irregular, non-labor contractions of the uterus that occur throughout pregnancy.

The first bowel movement of a newborn, comprised of materials ingested in utero.

Artificial rupture of the membranes (ARM), performed to induce or accelerate labor.

A regional anesthesia that blocks pain in a particular area of the body, commonly used during labor.

A surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during childbirth, to aid a difficult delivery and prevent rupture of tissues.

Use of a medical instrument resembling large tongs to help guide the baby's head out of the birth canal during delivery.

A surgical procedure in which one or more incisions are made through a mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies.

The vaginal discharge after giving birth, containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue.

A serious condition where the placenta detaches from the uterus before childbirth.

When the fetus is not well, often indicated by an abnormal heart rate or pattern on a heart rate monitor.

Excessive bleeding following the birth of a baby, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

When a woman delivers vaginally after having had a previous c-section birth.

A rare but serious complication where the uterus turns inside out after childbirth.

A synthetic form of oxytocin used to induce or augment labor contractions.

A quick test performed on a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, assessing heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex response, and color.