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Use of a medical instrument resembling large tongs to help guide the baby's head out of the birth canal during delivery.

A synthetic form of oxytocin used to induce or augment labor contractions.

Artificial rupture of the membranes (ARM), performed to induce or accelerate labor.

A surgical procedure in which one or more incisions are made through a mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies.

The opening of the cervix, measured in centimeters, during labor to allow the passage of the baby.

A serious condition where the placenta detaches from the uterus before childbirth.

When the fetus is not well, often indicated by an abnormal heart rate or pattern on a heart rate monitor.

Excessive bleeding following the birth of a baby, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

A measure of the descent of the fetal head into the birth canal, relative to the ischial spines.

A regional anesthesia that blocks pain in a particular area of the body, commonly used during labor.

The vaginal discharge after giving birth, containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue.

When a baby is positioned in the womb with the buttocks or feet closest to the birth canal instead of the head.

The first bowel movement of a newborn, comprised of materials ingested in utero.

A surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during childbirth, to aid a difficult delivery and prevent rupture of tissues.

A quick test performed on a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, assessing heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex response, and color.

Irregular, non-labor contractions of the uterus that occur throughout pregnancy.

When a woman delivers vaginally after having had a previous c-section birth.

A rare but serious complication where the uterus turns inside out after childbirth.

The thinning and shortening of the cervix during the first stage of labor.