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Helminthic Infections in Humans
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Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)
Often asymptomatic, but can include abdominal discomfort, weight loss, and nausea. Treatment is typically with praziquantel.
Schistosoma mansoni
Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, and liver enlargement. Treatment includes praziquantel.
Schistosoma japonicum
Causes symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm)
Symptoms can be mild or nonexistent but may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and nausea. Treatment with praziquantel or albendazole.
Onchocerca volvulus
Symptoms can include skin rash, itching, nodules under the skin, and eye lesions that may lead to blindness. Treatment involves ivermectin, which needs to be taken for many years.
Toxocara cati
Similar to Toxocara canis, can cause fever, fatigue, cough, and visceral larva migrans. Treatment options include albendazole or mebendazole, sometimes with corticosteroids.
Schistosoma haematobium
Symptoms include hematuria, bladder pain, and increased risk of bladder cancer. Treatment includes praziquantel.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Symptoms can include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, and intestinal blockage. Treatment options include albendazole, mebendazole, or ivermectin.
Trichinella spiralis
Symptoms can range from gastrointestinal disturbances to muscle pain and swelling. Treatment includes albendazole or mebendazole combined with steroids for severe cases.
Loa loa
Symptoms include localized swelling (Calabar swellings), itching, and subconjunctival migration of the adult worm. Treatment may include diethylcarbamazine or albendazole.
Echinococcus granulosus
Causes cystic echinococcosis, leading to cysts in the liver and lungs that can cause pain, coughing, and anaphylaxis if ruptured. Treatment is with albendazole or surgery to remove cysts.
Necator americanus (Hookworm)
Causes symptoms similar to Ancylostoma duodenale, like an itchy rash, respiratory symptoms, and anemia. Treatment options include albendazole or mebendazole.
Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)
Symptoms include a painful blister on the lower limb, leading to the release of the worm; secondary infections can occur. Removal of the worm involves winding it around a stick over several days. There is no specific treatment or vaccine.
Toxocara canis
Can cause toxocariasis, which presents with fever, fatigue, cough, and abdominal pain. Treatment includes albendazole or mebendazole, sometimes with corticosteroids.
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Symptoms include anal itching, especially at night, and restlessness. Treatment is usually with albendazole or mebendazole; close contacts should also be treated.
Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf tapeworm)
May cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anorexia. Treatment is with praziquantel or niclosamide.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Symptoms may include lymphedema, elephantiasis, and acute episodes of lymphangitis. Treatment includes antifilarial medications like diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole.
Echinococcus multilocularis
Creates alveolar echinococcosis, which is more severe and can mimic cancer with invasive, tumor-like lesions in the liver. Treatment usually involves long-term albendazole therapy and potentially surgery.
Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm)
Symptoms include itchy rash at the site of entry, cough, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Treatment options include albendazole or mebendazole.
Strongyloides stercoralis
Symptoms include dermatitis, pulmonary symptoms, and abdominal pain. Treatment is typically with ivermectin or albendazole.
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