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Parasitic Infections and Their Effects
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Cysticercosis
Symptoms can be seizures or muscle cysts. Treatment may involve antiparasitic drugs, corticosteroids, or surgery for neurocysticercosis.
Pinworm Infections
Symptoms include itching around the anus, disturbed sleep. Mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, or albendazole are used as treatments.
Dracunculiasis
Symptoms include blister formation, typically on the lower limbs, followed by the release of the worm. Treatment involves manual removal of the worm, pain relief, and wound care; no specific drug is effective.
Toxoplasmosis
Symptoms can include swollen lymph glands, muscle aches and pains that last for a month or more. Treatments often include pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.
Lymphatic Filariasis
Symptoms include lymphedema, elephantiasis, and hydrocele. Treatments involve diethylcarbamazine (DEC), albendazole, and ivermectin.
Tapeworm Infections
Symptoms may include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss. Treatment is typically with praziquantel or niclosamide.
Strongyloidiasis
Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rash. Treatment often consists of ivermectin or albendazole.
Chagas Disease
Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, body aches. Treatment options are benznidazole or nifurtimox.
Trichomoniasis
Symptoms typically include itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, discomfort with urination. Metronidazole or tinidazole are treatments.
Babesiosis
Symptoms may include hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and kidney failure. Treatments include atovaquone plus azithromycin or clindamycin plus quinine.
Ascariasis
Symptoms can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, cough. Treatments usually involve albendazole, mebendazole, or ivermectin.
Trichuriasis
Symptoms can include painful or frequent stools containing blood. Treatment is typically with albendazole or mebendazole.
Malaria
Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Treatments involve antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs).
Schistosomiasis
Symptoms can include itchy skin, fever, and blood in stool or urine. Treatments usually involve praziquantel.
Amebiasis
Symptoms include diarrhea, stomach pain, stomach cramping, and liver abscess. Treatment involves metronidazole or tinidazole.
African Trypanosomiasis
Symptoms include fever, headaches, joint pains, and neurological problems. Treatments are based on the stage and include pentamidine or melarsoprol.
Giardiasis
Symptoms include diarrhea, gas, greasy stools, stomach cramps. Treatment is typically with metronidazole or tinidazole.
Leishmaniasis
Symptoms include skin sores, fever, low red blood cells. Treatments include liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine.
Hookworm Infections
Symptoms include itching and a localized rash, abdominal pain. Treatments often include albendazole or mebendazole.
Cryptosporidiosis
Symptoms include watery diarrhea, stomach cramps or pain, dehydration. Treatment is supportive care; antiretroviral therapy can be helpful in HIV/AIDS patients.
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