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Protozoan Infections
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Leishmania tropica
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - ulcerative skin lesions; treated with cryotherapy, antimonial drugs, or amphotericin B.
Babesia microti
Babesiosis - similar to malaria with fever, hemolytic anemia, jaundice; treated with a combination of atovaquone and azithromycin or clindamycin and quinine.
Naegleria fowleri
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) - rapid onset brain inflammation, often fatal; treated with amphotericin B, rifampin, and miltefosine.
Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis - diarrhea, malabsorption, weight loss; treated with metronidazole or tinidazole.
Acanthamoeba spp.
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) - chronic CNS infection, keratitis; treated with a combination of drugs including amphotericin B, miltefosine, and sulfadiazine.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
African Sleeping Sickness - progressive neurological involvement leading to sleep disturbances, coma; treated with pentamidine or suramin, followed by melarsoprol or eflornithine.
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
African Sleeping Sickness - acute, more virulent, can quickly involve CNS; treated similarly to T.b. gambiense with suramin for early stage, and melarsoprol for CNS involvement.
Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas Disease - acute myocarditis, chronic cardiomyopathy, megacolon; treated with benznidazole or nifurtimox.
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis - varies from asymptomatic to encephalitis or ocular disease; treated with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid.
Plasmodium ovale
Malaria - similar to P. vivax, causes tertian fever; treated with chloroquine and primaquine, similar to P. vivax.
Plasmodium malariae
Malaria - quartan fever patterns, nephrotic syndrome; treated with chloroquine, no specific hypnozoite treatment needed.
Entamoeba histolytica
Amebiasis - dysentery, liver abscess; treated with metronidazole followed by a luminal agent such as paromomycin.
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria - fever, chills, anemia, cerebral malaria; treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), quinine, and supportive care.
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis - vaginal or urethral discharge, itching, painful urination; treated with metronidazole or tinidazole.
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Cyclosporiasis - watery diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue; treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
Cryptosporidium spp.
Cryptosporidiosis - watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea; treated with nitazoxanide, or supportive care in immunocompetent individuals.
Plasmodium vivax
Malaria - intermittent fever, splenomegaly, relapses due to hypnozoites; treated with chloroquine and primaquine.
Plasmodium knowlesi
Malaria - daily fever, can be severe with high parasitemia; treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) or chloroquine.
Leishmania donovani
Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) - fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly; treated with amphotericin B, miltefosine, or antimonial drugs.
Leishmania braziliensis
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis - skin ulcers spreading to mucous membranes; treated with antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
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