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Protozoan Infections

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Leishmania tropica

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - ulcerative skin lesions; treated with cryotherapy, antimonial drugs, or amphotericin B.

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Babesia microti

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Babesiosis - similar to malaria with fever, hemolytic anemia, jaundice; treated with a combination of atovaquone and azithromycin or clindamycin and quinine.

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Naegleria fowleri

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Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) - rapid onset brain inflammation, often fatal; treated with amphotericin B, rifampin, and miltefosine.

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Giardia lamblia

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Giardiasis - diarrhea, malabsorption, weight loss; treated with metronidazole or tinidazole.

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Acanthamoeba spp.

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Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) - chronic CNS infection, keratitis; treated with a combination of drugs including amphotericin B, miltefosine, and sulfadiazine.

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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

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African Sleeping Sickness - progressive neurological involvement leading to sleep disturbances, coma; treated with pentamidine or suramin, followed by melarsoprol or eflornithine.

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Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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African Sleeping Sickness - acute, more virulent, can quickly involve CNS; treated similarly to T.b. gambiense with suramin for early stage, and melarsoprol for CNS involvement.

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Trypanosoma cruzi

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Chagas Disease - acute myocarditis, chronic cardiomyopathy, megacolon; treated with benznidazole or nifurtimox.

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Toxoplasma gondii

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Toxoplasmosis - varies from asymptomatic to encephalitis or ocular disease; treated with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid.

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Plasmodium ovale

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Malaria - similar to P. vivax, causes tertian fever; treated with chloroquine and primaquine, similar to P. vivax.

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Plasmodium malariae

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Malaria - quartan fever patterns, nephrotic syndrome; treated with chloroquine, no specific hypnozoite treatment needed.

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Entamoeba histolytica

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Amebiasis - dysentery, liver abscess; treated with metronidazole followed by a luminal agent such as paromomycin.

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Plasmodium falciparum

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Malaria - fever, chills, anemia, cerebral malaria; treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), quinine, and supportive care.

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Trichomonas vaginalis

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Trichomoniasis - vaginal or urethral discharge, itching, painful urination; treated with metronidazole or tinidazole.

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Cyclospora cayetanensis

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Cyclosporiasis - watery diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue; treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

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Cryptosporidium spp.

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Cryptosporidiosis - watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea; treated with nitazoxanide, or supportive care in immunocompetent individuals.

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Plasmodium vivax

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Malaria - intermittent fever, splenomegaly, relapses due to hypnozoites; treated with chloroquine and primaquine.

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Plasmodium knowlesi

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Malaria - daily fever, can be severe with high parasitemia; treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) or chloroquine.

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Leishmania donovani

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Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) - fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly; treated with amphotericin B, miltefosine, or antimonial drugs.

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Leishmania braziliensis

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Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis - skin ulcers spreading to mucous membranes; treated with antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.

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