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Virus Structure and Classification
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Peribunyaviridae
Enveloped, segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; includes the California encephalitis virus, among others causing febrile illness and encephalitis.
Caliciviridae
Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; known for causing gastroenteritis and outbreaks on cruise ships (Norovirus).
Birnaviridae
Non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses; includes infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) that affects poultry.
Retroviridae
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that reverse transcribe their RNA into DNA; causes HIV/AIDS and certain types of cancer.
Picornaviridae
Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; includes poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, and common cold viruses (rhinoviruses).
Circoviridae
Non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA viruses; associated with diseases in birds and pigs, such as Porcine circovirus and beak and feather disease virus.
Papillomaviridae
Non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; known for causing warts and cervical cancer.
Astroviridae
Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; primarily cause gastroenteritis and are a common cause of diarrhea in young children.
Poxviridae
Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; causes diseases like smallpox (Variola virus), cowpox, and monkeypox.
Paramyxoviridae
Enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; causes diseases such as measles, mumps, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Flaviviridae
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; members include Hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus, and Zika virus.
Togaviridae
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; causes diseases such as Eastern equine encephalitis and Chikungunya fever.
Reoviridae
Non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses; known for causing gastrointestinal illnesses (Rotavirus) and respiratory infections.
Togaviridae
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; known for causing Rubella (German measles) and several encephalitis-causing viruses.
Arenaviridae
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome; known for causing Lassa fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever.
Coronaviridae
Enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; known for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).
Asfarviridae
Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; known for causing African swine fever in domestic pigs and wild boar.
Polyomaviridae
Non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; associated with various diseases including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and Merkel cell carcinoma.
Arteriviridae
Enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses; includes Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which causes significant disease in pigs.
Orthomyxoviridae
Enveloped, segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; primarily responsible for influenza (flu).
Filoviridae
Enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; notorious for causing severe hemorrhagic fever as seen in Ebola and Marburg virus infections.
Hepeviridae
Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; known for causing Hepatitis E, which is self-limiting with acute symptoms.
Adenoviridae
Non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; can cause respiratory diseases, conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis.
Bunyaviridae
Enveloped, segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; responsible for a variety of diseases including hemorrhagic fevers and encephalitis (Hantavirus, Rift Valley fever virus).
Hepadnaviridae
Enveloped, partially double-stranded DNA viruses; known for causing Hepatitis B.
Deltavirus
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA satellites that require a helper virus (Hepatitis B) for replication; causes severe forms of viral hepatitis (HDV).
Orthopoxviridae
Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; known for causing diseases such as Variola virus (smallpox), Vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and Monkeypox virus.
Herpesviridae
Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; causes diseases such as herpes simplex (oral and genital herpes), varicella-zoster (chickenpox and shingles), and Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis).
Rhabdoviridae
Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; includes the Rabies virus, which causes rabies in humans and animals.
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