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Virus Structure and Classification

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Peribunyaviridae

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Enveloped, segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; includes the California encephalitis virus, among others causing febrile illness and encephalitis.

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Caliciviridae

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Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; known for causing gastroenteritis and outbreaks on cruise ships (Norovirus).

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Birnaviridae

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Non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses; includes infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) that affects poultry.

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Retroviridae

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Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that reverse transcribe their RNA into DNA; causes HIV/AIDS and certain types of cancer.

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Picornaviridae

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Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; includes poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, and common cold viruses (rhinoviruses).

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Circoviridae

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Non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA viruses; associated with diseases in birds and pigs, such as Porcine circovirus and beak and feather disease virus.

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Papillomaviridae

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Non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; known for causing warts and cervical cancer.

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Astroviridae

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Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; primarily cause gastroenteritis and are a common cause of diarrhea in young children.

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Poxviridae

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Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; causes diseases like smallpox (Variola virus), cowpox, and monkeypox.

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Paramyxoviridae

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Enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; causes diseases such as measles, mumps, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

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Flaviviridae

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Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; members include Hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus, and Zika virus.

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Togaviridae

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Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; causes diseases such as Eastern equine encephalitis and Chikungunya fever.

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Reoviridae

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Non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses; known for causing gastrointestinal illnesses (Rotavirus) and respiratory infections.

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Togaviridae

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Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; known for causing Rubella (German measles) and several encephalitis-causing viruses.

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Arenaviridae

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Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome; known for causing Lassa fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever.

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Coronaviridae

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Enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; known for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).

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Asfarviridae

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Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; known for causing African swine fever in domestic pigs and wild boar.

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Polyomaviridae

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Non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; associated with various diseases including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and Merkel cell carcinoma.

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Arteriviridae

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Enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses; includes Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which causes significant disease in pigs.

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Orthomyxoviridae

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Enveloped, segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; primarily responsible for influenza (flu).

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Filoviridae

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Enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; notorious for causing severe hemorrhagic fever as seen in Ebola and Marburg virus infections.

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Hepeviridae

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Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; known for causing Hepatitis E, which is self-limiting with acute symptoms.

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Adenoviridae

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Non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; can cause respiratory diseases, conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis.

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Bunyaviridae

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Enveloped, segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses; responsible for a variety of diseases including hemorrhagic fevers and encephalitis (Hantavirus, Rift Valley fever virus).

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Hepadnaviridae

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Enveloped, partially double-stranded DNA viruses; known for causing Hepatitis B.

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Deltavirus

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Enveloped, single-stranded RNA satellites that require a helper virus (Hepatitis B) for replication; causes severe forms of viral hepatitis (HDV).

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Orthopoxviridae

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Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; known for causing diseases such as Variola virus (smallpox), Vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and Monkeypox virus.

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Herpesviridae

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Enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses; causes diseases such as herpes simplex (oral and genital herpes), varicella-zoster (chickenpox and shingles), and Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis).

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Rhabdoviridae

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Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses; includes the Rabies virus, which causes rabies in humans and animals.

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