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Zoonotic Diseases and Their Origins

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Hendra Virus

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Animal Reservoirs: Fruit bats. Transmission to Humans: Close contact with respiratory secretions or urine from infected horses.

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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

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Animal Reservoirs: Dromedary camels. Transmission to Humans: Through direct or indirect contact with infected camels, camel products, or human-to-human transmission.

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Leptospirosis

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Animal Reservoirs: Rodents, livestock, dogs, wildlife. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with urine from infected animals.

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SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

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Animal Reservoirs: Bats, palm civets. Transmission to Humans: Through close person-to-person contact, and possibly through contact with infected animals.

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Salmonellosis

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Animal Reservoirs: Poultry, swine, reptiles, and amphibians. Transmission to Humans: Through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with infected animals.

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Zika Virus

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Animal Reservoirs: Primates. Transmission to Humans: Through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, sexual contact, and from mother to fetus.

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Chikungunya

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Animal Reservoirs: Primates, birds, rodents. Transmission to Humans: Through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes.

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Anthrax

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Animal Reservoirs: Cattle, sheep, and goats. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.

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Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)

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Animal Reservoirs: Livestock. Transmission to Humans: Through tick bites, contact with blood or tissues of infected animals or people.

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Rift Valley Fever

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Animal Reservoirs: Livestock. Transmission to Humans: Through mosquito bites, contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals.

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Toxoplasmosis

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Animal Reservoirs: Cats. Transmission to Humans: Ingestion of undercooked contaminated meat, accidental ingestion of oocysts from cat feces, or congenitally from mother to fetus.

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Rabies

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Animal Reservoirs: Bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. Transmission to Humans: Through saliva via bites or scratches.

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Hantavirus

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Animal Reservoirs: Rodents. Transmission to Humans: Through inhalation of dust contaminated with rodent urine or droppings, or less commonly by bites.

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Brucellosis

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Animal Reservoirs: Cattle, pigs, goats, sheep. Transmission to Humans: Through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, contact with fluids of infected animals, or inhalation of aerosols.

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Monkeypox

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Animal Reservoirs: Rodents, monkeys. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals. Human-to-human transmission is also possible.

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Lassa Fever

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Animal Reservoirs: Multimammate rats. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with urine or droppings, ingestion of contaminated food, or through cuts or sores.

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West Nile Virus

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Animal Reservoirs: Birds. Transmission to Humans: Through the bites of infected mosquitoes.

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Q Fever

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Animal Reservoirs: Cattle, sheep, goats. Transmission to Humans: Inhalation of aerosols from contaminated soil, milk, birth products, or feces.

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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

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Animal Reservoirs: Poultry, wild birds. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, rarely from person to person.

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Marburg Virus

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Animal Reservoirs: Fruit bats. Transmission to Humans: Through direct contact with bats or humans infected with the virus.

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Plague

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Animal Reservoirs: Rodents, especially rats. Transmission to Humans: Through bites from infected fleas, direct contact with infected tissues or bodily fluids, or inhalation of respiratory droplets.

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Ebola

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Animal Reservoirs: Fruit bats, possibly apes or monkeys. Transmission to Humans: Through direct contact with blood or body fluids of infected animals or humans.

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Nipah Virus

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Animal Reservoirs: Fruit bats. Transmission to Humans: Through direct contact with infected animals, consuming food products contaminated by bats, or human-to-human transmission.

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Psittacosis

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Animal Reservoirs: Parrots, pigeons, doves, chickens. Transmission to Humans: Inhalation of airborne dust from dried droppings or secretions of infected birds.

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Lyme Disease

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Animal Reservoirs: White-footed mice, deer. Transmission to Humans: Through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks.

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