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Zoonotic Diseases and Their Origins
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Hendra Virus
Animal Reservoirs: Fruit bats. Transmission to Humans: Close contact with respiratory secretions or urine from infected horses.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
Animal Reservoirs: Dromedary camels. Transmission to Humans: Through direct or indirect contact with infected camels, camel products, or human-to-human transmission.
Leptospirosis
Animal Reservoirs: Rodents, livestock, dogs, wildlife. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with urine from infected animals.
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
Animal Reservoirs: Bats, palm civets. Transmission to Humans: Through close person-to-person contact, and possibly through contact with infected animals.
Salmonellosis
Animal Reservoirs: Poultry, swine, reptiles, and amphibians. Transmission to Humans: Through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with infected animals.
Zika Virus
Animal Reservoirs: Primates. Transmission to Humans: Through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, sexual contact, and from mother to fetus.
Chikungunya
Animal Reservoirs: Primates, birds, rodents. Transmission to Humans: Through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes.
Anthrax
Animal Reservoirs: Cattle, sheep, and goats. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)
Animal Reservoirs: Livestock. Transmission to Humans: Through tick bites, contact with blood or tissues of infected animals or people.
Rift Valley Fever
Animal Reservoirs: Livestock. Transmission to Humans: Through mosquito bites, contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals.
Toxoplasmosis
Animal Reservoirs: Cats. Transmission to Humans: Ingestion of undercooked contaminated meat, accidental ingestion of oocysts from cat feces, or congenitally from mother to fetus.
Rabies
Animal Reservoirs: Bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. Transmission to Humans: Through saliva via bites or scratches.
Hantavirus
Animal Reservoirs: Rodents. Transmission to Humans: Through inhalation of dust contaminated with rodent urine or droppings, or less commonly by bites.
Brucellosis
Animal Reservoirs: Cattle, pigs, goats, sheep. Transmission to Humans: Through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, contact with fluids of infected animals, or inhalation of aerosols.
Monkeypox
Animal Reservoirs: Rodents, monkeys. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals. Human-to-human transmission is also possible.
Lassa Fever
Animal Reservoirs: Multimammate rats. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with urine or droppings, ingestion of contaminated food, or through cuts or sores.
West Nile Virus
Animal Reservoirs: Birds. Transmission to Humans: Through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
Q Fever
Animal Reservoirs: Cattle, sheep, goats. Transmission to Humans: Inhalation of aerosols from contaminated soil, milk, birth products, or feces.
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
Animal Reservoirs: Poultry, wild birds. Transmission to Humans: Through contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, rarely from person to person.
Marburg Virus
Animal Reservoirs: Fruit bats. Transmission to Humans: Through direct contact with bats or humans infected with the virus.
Plague
Animal Reservoirs: Rodents, especially rats. Transmission to Humans: Through bites from infected fleas, direct contact with infected tissues or bodily fluids, or inhalation of respiratory droplets.
Ebola
Animal Reservoirs: Fruit bats, possibly apes or monkeys. Transmission to Humans: Through direct contact with blood or body fluids of infected animals or humans.
Nipah Virus
Animal Reservoirs: Fruit bats. Transmission to Humans: Through direct contact with infected animals, consuming food products contaminated by bats, or human-to-human transmission.
Psittacosis
Animal Reservoirs: Parrots, pigeons, doves, chickens. Transmission to Humans: Inhalation of airborne dust from dried droppings or secretions of infected birds.
Lyme Disease
Animal Reservoirs: White-footed mice, deer. Transmission to Humans: Through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks.
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